الصفات الطبيعية للبادية السورية ٢_a .. كتاب في ربوع سورية

The other is from the Euphrates Valley, and we were going to talk about it in the context of talking about the general characteristics of the Syrian island in the seventh chapter.

the climate:

The climate system in the Badia is an eastern continuation of the Mediterranean system, which is characterized by cold rainy winters and hot, very dry summers.

It is with the north, with whom as a result of the lack of clouds and the astronomical location of the Badia (3632.5° north of the equator), the actual solar radiance period is large, and the intensity of solar radiation associated with the angle of incidence of solar rays in general is also large, its noticeable difference between the southern and northern parts of the the desert; Where the annual average of the annual amount of radiation received by one cm2 ranges between 160.5 kilocalories in the south and 168 kilocalories in the south, with a concentration of about 70 percent of this amount in the summer half of the year, and this is reflected in the temperature that is higher in the southern parts than it is in the In the northern parts, the average annual temperature is 19.3 C in Al-Zuluf, but it decreases to 17.8 C in Wadi Al-Azeeb. The eastern parts, which are brighter and less cloudy, are warmer than the western parts (2:197 pm, 18:3 pm, Uqayribat 16.7 pm). Undoubtedly, the Badia mountains are a moderating factor for the temperature, as their average temperature is about 2-3 m lower than the neighboring lower regions (Shujari, 16.9 m, Palmyra (18.9 m). Summer is hot, with an average temperature of not less than 27 m. July: 27.5 m, Kom: 28.8 m, 2nd floor: 302 m, Marqadah 30.8 m), and July is the hottest month, with an average temperature of

to 31.7 m in Marqada, 31.1 m in 2nd floor, 28.9 m in Wadi al-Azib, and 29.3 m in Zulf. However, the maximum temperature can reach in the summer - especially in the month of July and the first half of the month of August - more than 45 C; The following great degrees were recorded during the second half of this century: 46 m in 2nd floor, 46.5 m in Palmyra, and 47.7 m in Markada. As for winter, it is a cold season. As the average temperature in it ranges between 97 °C, Zulf 93, Markada 80, and 2 °C, with the exception of the highlands where the average winter temperature is less than 6.3 °C. However, the winter season witnesses a decrease in temperature to below zero Celsius, as The following minimum temperatures were recorded during the second half of this century: -11°C in Al-Kom, 11.5°C in Al-Tanf, and -12°C in Al-Qaryatayn.

The atmospheric humidity is low, and this is a factor that contributes to the daily and annual temperature extremes, as the annual temperature range in the desert is not less than 20 m. The daily range of temperature is large, especially in the summer, as it also exceeds 20°C. And if the average relative humidity ranged between 70-80% in January, then it decreased in July to less than 40%. And often the relative humidity drops in some days of the summer to less than 25%.

Rain is the most important climatic element in the Badia, as it is its main source of water, and the basis for the existence of life in it. Its rain falls in the winter half of the year, especially in December and the second, which receive about 40% of the total annual precipitation. And April, which is not much less than the percentage of precipitation in December and January (Al-Tanf Mountain: 30 mm in December, 27 mm in March, April Al-Kom, 68 mm in January, and 44 mm in January.

March and April.

The place is from and in most parts of the desert. The average rainfall for the month of February is less than the average for the month of March and even the month of April in some of them, and this is due to the activity of the laharic currents in the spring that lead to heavy laharic precipitations that are predominantly torrential in nature, while the entire winter rains are frontal rains. They are caused by frontal depressions, and as a result of the relative homogeneity in the topography of the desert, the differences in annual rainfall rates are not significant, generally ranging between 75 mm and 250 mm, with a kilometer change rate of less than 0 mm / km from west to east, and less than 0.4 mm / km south. to the north. The annual amount of rain generally decreases from west to east (Wadi al-Azib 185 mm, 2nd floor: 122 mm), and it also decreases from the south (Marqada 176 mm, Palmyra, 133 m, Saba’ Bayar 97 mm, and Zuluf 96 mm). The desert rain is characterized by its large annual fluctuations, as it varies greatly from year to year, as it decreases in some years to its lowest general average (Saba’ Bayar 11.1 mm in 1957, Al-Tanf 194 mm in 1958, 2: 36.1 mm in 1958, Al-Zulf 23 8 mm in 1973, Wadi al-Gharib 37.6 mm in 1960, Marqadah 426 mm in 1973, exceeding in other years three times the rate (Saba’ Bayar 425.1 mm in 1974, al-Tanf 290 mm in 1968, 2nd edition: 3386 mm in 1974, Zulf 2794 mm in 1961, Wadi al-Azib 333.5 mm in 1967, Marqadah 358.2 mm in the year of the north towards whom from (1974).

Sheep eat some of them. Many flowering plants grow in the desert, such as: lavender, lavender, chrysanthemum, buttercup, hellebore and anemone.

And the mapabong.

Among the few natural trees in general that we see only in some mountains of the Badia, such as Jabal Al-Balaas and Jabal Abu Al-Duhur, especially in Jabal Al-Balaas, where the oak trees are scattered to form forests in some spots, and you also see some Swedish trees in the western fronts of Jabal Al-Balaas, next to the bramble trees. In the fertile years of abundant rain and plenty of thunder and lightning, truffles grow in the plain desert, as do mushrooms, dandelions, and mallow.

Despite the dryness of the desert and its scarcity of vegetation, it abounds with different types of hunting birds in the spring, including: partridges, kudri, pheasants, grouse, and large bustards that were seen about four years ago (1989) in the east of the Khabur River near the Iraqi border, along with several types of birds of prey such as the eagle and the osprey. And the falcon, and the shrew, and the kite, and the owls.

Among the animals we mention the deer that roamed abundantly in the Syrian desert until the end of the first half of this century to become one of the rare animals in the present day, rabbits that are still found in abundance, foxes, jackals, badgers, wolves, fogs, jerboas and scorpions, as well as snakes and hyenas that were many, especially in The Badia mountains are now very rare, as is the case of wolves, whose number decreased after the availability of firearms among most of the Bedouin population, and the dangers these wolves posed to sheep.

hours . It is noteworthy that the Syrian Badia is considered one of the poorest regions of Syria with its surface water, as there is not a single ever-flowing river that flows from its lands or even flows in it, if we exclude the Euphrates River and its two tributaries, Al-Balikh and Al-Khabur in sectors of them. Most of what the Syrian desert contains are many valleys in which water flows when heavy rains fall, especially when the precipitation is stormy, as these valleys overflow. Examples of a few of these valleys are:

p water in the desert

A- In the Al-Hammad plateau: the valleys of Al-Saba’ Biyar, Al-Alayaniyya, Ghadir Al-Jamal, Al-Soot, Al-Sha’alan, Al-Mashuqaqa, Al-Tais, Al-Sahliat, Madisis, Al-Walaj…etc. b - in the Dou Basin; Al-Rawdah, Gharyan, Kharba and Al-Barda valleys. . . etc. In addition to the valley of Qasr al-Hallabat and the valley of Louaizeh, which end in Sabkhat al-Muwah.

C - in the land of Al-Shanbel; The valleys of Al-Azaib, Al-Kadm, Thuryan and Al-Falij. . . etc. d in the flood area; There are many valleys, some of which end in closed depressions, while others continue to the Euphrates Valley, and most of them start from the eastern edge of the Al-Hammad Plateau. We had mentioned it earlier.

Many earthen and stone dams were erected on some of the valleys forming behind them artificial lakes that dry up in the summer of some years, and continue in the summer of other years with plenty of rain like puddles. Some of the dams are old and some are modern.

However, the Al-Hammad region abounds with experiences, which are like freshwater lakes in winter with a muddy bottom that dry up in summer, leaving behind dry, cracked clay soil that takes the shape of polygons. He counted about 55 experiences, of which the most famous are: the experience of al-Tanf al-Kubra al-Shamaliya, the experience of al-Tanf al-Sharqiyyah, the experience of al-Zaqf, and the experience of al-Shaalan.

And the experience of the refineries, the experience of the western cleft, the eastern cleft, and the rift of the cleft - and the previous three experiences are known as the cleft, Saeed's experience, Shahimi's experience, Qasim's experience, the pomegranate's fingers experience, the pomegranate's experience, Bahr al-Sikal's experience, Tarifawi's experience, the network's experience, Abu al-Husayn's experience and nine experiences about Jabal al-Ghurab ( Al-Hamda, Al-Mashaqiq, Umm Sakaka, Al-Sayid, Umm Muwail, Luqta, Kebd, Hawimat...etc.

While there are many depressions in the flood area where the floods of some river valleys end, forming large temporary pools of water usually known as floods, as in the floods of Qabab, the floods of Jub, Ibn Moyna ... and others. It includes the desert. Many sabkhas (depressions that collect water from the neighboring regions, the percentage of salinity is high in its waters, as in the Sabkhat al-Muwah and the northern and southern Sabkhat al-Kom (Sabkhat al-Qadir), beside the strip of marshes located in the eastern part of the desert of the island, which we referred to in Chapter VII of this book, and which lies To its north is a flood known as a flood of Cyrenaica.