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استخدام الشاشات ..
مؤثرات خاصة ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
SPECIAL EFFECTS
Using screens
Screens should not be used just for the sake of doing something different , but rather to en hance an image . The most popular photo graphic screens are the commercially produced texture screens used in the darkroom to pro duce a print with a texture image ; screens placed over the camera lens will also alter a straightforward image . If cheesecloth or per forated zinc sheet is held flush with a wide open lens , it gives a soft , hazy appearance to a picture , while a soft screen filter with a clear center spot gives a soft focus surround to a sharp central image . A sand screen with a clear center can be used to separate a dark subject from a dark background by producing a white smoky surround to a clearly focused central image . It can also be used against a white back ground to give a soft - edge effect to any part of a subject which is abruptly cut off right to the edge of the frame .
Texture screens , which are underexposed negatives , are available in both 35mm and 214 inch square formats and can be used with both black and white and color negatives . Among the many available screens are tapestry , drawn cotton , gravel , dot screen , rough linen and craze . The screen is superimposed with a negative in the negative carrier so that each emulsion rests in contact with the other ; though if you want differential enlargements , separate exposures must be made .
Depending on the subject , the density of the original negative and the aperture setting on the enlarger lens , quite different effects can be gained with a single screen , and the texture pattern can be softened by placing a small piece of glass between the negative and the screen a glass transparency cover is ideal . Coarse screens will break up the image outline to a greater extent than fine screens . You can make your own screen by underexposing a patterned or textured surface by two stops , and underdeveloping the film to give a pale " ghost " image on the negative . Any flat , translucent material with an open weave , such as cheese cloth , or even clear patterned glass , can be used as a screen by placing it in contact with printing paper . To produce a texture surround ing , use one black mask to print in the screen and a second one to mask out the surround while exposing the central image .
Crazed eggs
A straight print of eggs in a bowl is shown at the top of the page . I then sandwiched the original negative with a crazed screen negative to produce a print which gives an impression of cracked eggs ( above ) . Lens Hasselblad 80mm + 21mm extension Mag . on film × 0.25 Mag . on page top x0.5 ; above × 0.65
Enhancing a photogram ▷ After making a larger - than - life - size photogram of this cherub figure , I removed the paper and the figure so that I could focus the enlarger with an " old master " screen negative . The paper was then exposed for a second time so that the cherub took on a textured appearance . Mag . on print × 3 Mag . on page × 1
A sand screen vignette
Using a sand screen filter , with a clear center spot , on the camera I took this carved head so that the shoulders blended into the background . Lens 55mm micro - Nikkor Mag . on film x0.2 Mag . on page × 2
A reticulated image
This picture , which resembles an old oil painting , was made by printing a negative of clustered walnuts with a reticulated grain negative screen . Lens Hasselblad 80mm + 32mm extension Mag . on film x0.4 Mag . on page x0.85
مؤثرات خاصة ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
SPECIAL EFFECTS
Using screens
Screens should not be used just for the sake of doing something different , but rather to en hance an image . The most popular photo graphic screens are the commercially produced texture screens used in the darkroom to pro duce a print with a texture image ; screens placed over the camera lens will also alter a straightforward image . If cheesecloth or per forated zinc sheet is held flush with a wide open lens , it gives a soft , hazy appearance to a picture , while a soft screen filter with a clear center spot gives a soft focus surround to a sharp central image . A sand screen with a clear center can be used to separate a dark subject from a dark background by producing a white smoky surround to a clearly focused central image . It can also be used against a white back ground to give a soft - edge effect to any part of a subject which is abruptly cut off right to the edge of the frame .
Texture screens , which are underexposed negatives , are available in both 35mm and 214 inch square formats and can be used with both black and white and color negatives . Among the many available screens are tapestry , drawn cotton , gravel , dot screen , rough linen and craze . The screen is superimposed with a negative in the negative carrier so that each emulsion rests in contact with the other ; though if you want differential enlargements , separate exposures must be made .
Depending on the subject , the density of the original negative and the aperture setting on the enlarger lens , quite different effects can be gained with a single screen , and the texture pattern can be softened by placing a small piece of glass between the negative and the screen a glass transparency cover is ideal . Coarse screens will break up the image outline to a greater extent than fine screens . You can make your own screen by underexposing a patterned or textured surface by two stops , and underdeveloping the film to give a pale " ghost " image on the negative . Any flat , translucent material with an open weave , such as cheese cloth , or even clear patterned glass , can be used as a screen by placing it in contact with printing paper . To produce a texture surround ing , use one black mask to print in the screen and a second one to mask out the surround while exposing the central image .
Crazed eggs
A straight print of eggs in a bowl is shown at the top of the page . I then sandwiched the original negative with a crazed screen negative to produce a print which gives an impression of cracked eggs ( above ) . Lens Hasselblad 80mm + 21mm extension Mag . on film × 0.25 Mag . on page top x0.5 ; above × 0.65
Enhancing a photogram ▷ After making a larger - than - life - size photogram of this cherub figure , I removed the paper and the figure so that I could focus the enlarger with an " old master " screen negative . The paper was then exposed for a second time so that the cherub took on a textured appearance . Mag . on print × 3 Mag . on page × 1
A sand screen vignette
Using a sand screen filter , with a clear center spot , on the camera I took this carved head so that the shoulders blended into the background . Lens 55mm micro - Nikkor Mag . on film x0.2 Mag . on page × 2
A reticulated image
This picture , which resembles an old oil painting , was made by printing a negative of clustered walnuts with a reticulated grain negative screen . Lens Hasselblad 80mm + 32mm extension Mag . on film x0.4 Mag . on page x0.85
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