تويت
التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث
صنع الطباعة ..
عمل الطباعة الموسعة ..
تجهيز المعدات لترتيب السلبيات ..
GETTING THE EQUIPMENT READY
Before you start , your first job is to lay things out in exactly the right place so you can find everything in the dark without fumbling . Five minutes spent getting everything in order permits you to concentrate your attention on making the prints . The resulting prints will show the difference .
Be sure you are well supplied with towels . A wet towel is useless for drying purposes , since chemicals not removed from the fingers will react on the next sheet of paper handled , and may result in a perfect set of fingerprints on your prize picture .
Place your developer , stop bath , and fixing - solution trays side - by - side , with an inch or two between them . First , set out the fixing and stop bath trays . Pour the working solutions into these two trays , and then set out the third tray and pour your developer . Setting out you developer tray last will help you avoid splashing hypo into formula for paper should preferably not be of the quick - fix type frequently used for film . Slow types should be used for fixing prints . If you use the slower , regular hypo fixer for both film and paper , it is best not to use the same solutions for both operations .
Both stop bath and fixer may be bought ready mixed . You can prepare your own stop bath , however , by adding 1½ ounces of 28 % acetic acid to a quart of water . The proportion of acid to water is not at all critical - anything from 1 to 1½ ounces works equally well - so you need not be too concerned if you do not have an accurate graduate for such small quantities .
Use the developer recommended for the enlarging paper you are using . Each package of paper contains a condensed instruction sheet giving developer information . If the instruction sheet is missing , or if your dealer does not carry the recommended developer , any standard paper developer is usually satisfactory .
Be sure the packages of enlarging paper are placed within easy reach so you can find the correct grade without difficulty in the dim darkroom light . Keep a pair of print trimmer handy for cutting test strips . Never tear a test strip from a full sheet of paper . Doing so will let loose a lot of paper lint . Some of is sure to be drawn to the enlarger by the air currents set up by the hot lamp and will land on the negative . Such lint particles will be enlarged and will show up very prominently . Spotting them out represents a lot of unnecessary work , not to mention the possibility that the work will show .
If you recently mixed solutions on your darkroom bench , wipe it off carefully so you don't pick up chemical dust on your fingers and carry it onto the paper . Give your enlarger a thorough going over to make sure that it is in good working order and absolutely free of dust . Dust the lens lightly with a soft camel - hair brush , or better yet , use a rubber ear syringe to blow dust and lint from the surface of the lens .
If your darkroom is inclined to be damp - and many darkrooms are - clean both the condenser and enlarging lenses occasionally with a piece of lens tissue or well - laundered handkerchief that is free from lint . A lens kept in a damp room for any length of time accumulates a thin film of dirt . This dirt may not be apparent at a casual glance . If not removed , however , it can lower the contrast of your prints quite a bit . It also reduces sharpness , particularly with large blow - ups .
ARRANGING THE NEGATIVES
After selecting the negatives you want to enlarge , arrange them in order of contrast ( see Figure 19 ) . Start with normal contrast , then assemble the soft negatives , and finally add the contrasty negatives . This procedure makes it unnecessary for you to keep changing from one paper to another and back again . Next , decide just what part of the negative you want to enlarge . You may have too much uninteresting foreground , or a telephone pole off to one side that you want to cut off , or you may find you simply couldn't get close enough to the subject . The advantage of printing by projection is that you can eliminate all such unnecessary and distracting material . You can then enlarge only that part of the negative that means something .
The only good way to decide which portion of any negative you want to enlarge is to see a proof print of the entire negative . Don't try to guess the cropping by looking at the projected negative on the enlarging easel . The reversal of light values will confuse you and may affect your judgment .
Figure 19 Negative to be printed is selected from file and examined for contrast to determine which grade of paper to use .
A pair of L - shaped pieces of white cardboard - you can cut them from an ordinary print mount - is a valuable aid in cropping . Use these L's as an adjustable frame to determine the exact cropping which will fit the picture best . ( Figure 20 ) When you have your picture framed just as you want it , use a soft lead pencil to mark it off on the print . You are now ready for the actual work of making the enlargement .
صنع الطباعة ..
عمل الطباعة الموسعة ..
تجهيز المعدات لترتيب السلبيات ..
GETTING THE EQUIPMENT READY
Before you start , your first job is to lay things out in exactly the right place so you can find everything in the dark without fumbling . Five minutes spent getting everything in order permits you to concentrate your attention on making the prints . The resulting prints will show the difference .
Be sure you are well supplied with towels . A wet towel is useless for drying purposes , since chemicals not removed from the fingers will react on the next sheet of paper handled , and may result in a perfect set of fingerprints on your prize picture .
Place your developer , stop bath , and fixing - solution trays side - by - side , with an inch or two between them . First , set out the fixing and stop bath trays . Pour the working solutions into these two trays , and then set out the third tray and pour your developer . Setting out you developer tray last will help you avoid splashing hypo into formula for paper should preferably not be of the quick - fix type frequently used for film . Slow types should be used for fixing prints . If you use the slower , regular hypo fixer for both film and paper , it is best not to use the same solutions for both operations .
Both stop bath and fixer may be bought ready mixed . You can prepare your own stop bath , however , by adding 1½ ounces of 28 % acetic acid to a quart of water . The proportion of acid to water is not at all critical - anything from 1 to 1½ ounces works equally well - so you need not be too concerned if you do not have an accurate graduate for such small quantities .
Use the developer recommended for the enlarging paper you are using . Each package of paper contains a condensed instruction sheet giving developer information . If the instruction sheet is missing , or if your dealer does not carry the recommended developer , any standard paper developer is usually satisfactory .
Be sure the packages of enlarging paper are placed within easy reach so you can find the correct grade without difficulty in the dim darkroom light . Keep a pair of print trimmer handy for cutting test strips . Never tear a test strip from a full sheet of paper . Doing so will let loose a lot of paper lint . Some of is sure to be drawn to the enlarger by the air currents set up by the hot lamp and will land on the negative . Such lint particles will be enlarged and will show up very prominently . Spotting them out represents a lot of unnecessary work , not to mention the possibility that the work will show .
If you recently mixed solutions on your darkroom bench , wipe it off carefully so you don't pick up chemical dust on your fingers and carry it onto the paper . Give your enlarger a thorough going over to make sure that it is in good working order and absolutely free of dust . Dust the lens lightly with a soft camel - hair brush , or better yet , use a rubber ear syringe to blow dust and lint from the surface of the lens .
If your darkroom is inclined to be damp - and many darkrooms are - clean both the condenser and enlarging lenses occasionally with a piece of lens tissue or well - laundered handkerchief that is free from lint . A lens kept in a damp room for any length of time accumulates a thin film of dirt . This dirt may not be apparent at a casual glance . If not removed , however , it can lower the contrast of your prints quite a bit . It also reduces sharpness , particularly with large blow - ups .
ARRANGING THE NEGATIVES
After selecting the negatives you want to enlarge , arrange them in order of contrast ( see Figure 19 ) . Start with normal contrast , then assemble the soft negatives , and finally add the contrasty negatives . This procedure makes it unnecessary for you to keep changing from one paper to another and back again . Next , decide just what part of the negative you want to enlarge . You may have too much uninteresting foreground , or a telephone pole off to one side that you want to cut off , or you may find you simply couldn't get close enough to the subject . The advantage of printing by projection is that you can eliminate all such unnecessary and distracting material . You can then enlarge only that part of the negative that means something .
The only good way to decide which portion of any negative you want to enlarge is to see a proof print of the entire negative . Don't try to guess the cropping by looking at the projected negative on the enlarging easel . The reversal of light values will confuse you and may affect your judgment .
Figure 19 Negative to be printed is selected from file and examined for contrast to determine which grade of paper to use .
A pair of L - shaped pieces of white cardboard - you can cut them from an ordinary print mount - is a valuable aid in cropping . Use these L's as an adjustable frame to determine the exact cropping which will fit the picture best . ( Figure 20 ) When you have your picture framed just as you want it , use a soft lead pencil to mark it off on the print . You are now ready for the actual work of making the enlargement .
تعليق