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الكاميرات .. البدء .. كيفية التقاط وتطوير الصور بالأبيض والأسود
CAMERAS
The quality of camera manufacture has never been higher than it is now , and the important choice is not so much between makes as between types of camera . What has happened in recent years in the market is that most of the major manufacturers now produce a similar range of models . Electronics have been the biggest development , and most of the distinctions between categories of single lens reflex are in the extent to which the equipment has been automated .
lens reflex , now by far the most popular design of camera for serious photo- graphy . The standard current model is automatic , in that the exposure settings are calculated by an internal through - the - lens meter and transferred to the shutter speed and / or aperture controls . Typically , the photographer sets either the aperture or the shutter , and the camera does the rest . Battery - powered film winders are also being used increasingly , so automating yet another function .
An even more sophisticated development of the automatic single lens reflex is the programmed design , pioneered by Canon and Minolta . In this , electronic systems are used to their maximum , all controlled by a central microprocessor . The camera can be programmed to work in a variety of modes , with digital displays playing an important part in the operation . In both automatic and programmed automatic cameras , auto - focus is gradually becoming more and more accepted as a useful function rather than a gimmick . It , also , depends heavily on electronics .
- Although automation and programming are clearly the popular trend , there remain many photographers who prefer to exercise their own control over operations enough for two other types of camera that deliberately avoid heavy automation . These are the manual and professional categories ; the first is the more basic , but what distinguishes professional models is their rugged- ness and versatility , rather than advanced electronics .
Modes and Meters
Manual In manual mode , the camera measures the light reflected from the subject , and indicates in the viewfinder whether the shutter speed and aperture selected by the photographer will yield correct exposure . The camera is thus totally under the control of the photographer .
Aperture priority automatic ( or aperture preferred automatic ) In this mode , the photographer sets the camera's aperture , and the shutter is automatically set to a speed that will give the correct exposure . This mode is most useful in conditions where control over depth of field is important - landscape or close - up photography , for example .
Shutter priority automatic ( or shutter preferred automatic ) Conversely , in this mode the photographer sets the shutter speed and the camera chooses the aperture . This mode is most useful when photographing subjects that must appear " frozen " on film - action and sports photography .
Programmed automatic Ths is a " point and shoot " mode in which the photographer completely relinquishes control to the camera . In progressively brighter light , the camera picks smaller and smaller apertures , and faster and faster shutter speeds . " Sub - modes " include shutter - preferred programs , which choose faster shutter speeds before closing down the aperture ; and aperture - preferred programs , which as the name suggests , pick smaller apertures in preference to faster speeds .
Flash mode In the most simple example , the camera will operate at the flash synchronization speed as long as there is a dedicated flashgun in the accessory shoe , fully recycled .
Viewfinder displays
1 Needle
2 Needle Pointer on Scale
3 Digital LED Numbers
4 Digital LCD Numbers
5 LCD Scale
There is now a considerable range of different display systems for conveying essential information in a 35mm SLR , and this has some influence on the choice of camera . A basic difference is between analog and digital displays - as with wristwatches , there tend to be sharp distinctions in individual preference .
Despite early fears that the electronic wizardry featured in many of today's SLRs would inspire terror , ' do - it - all ' models such as the Minolta 7000 ( ABOVE ) have proved highly successful .
The 7000 is typical of many currently successful SLRs in that it offers automatic focusing , more than two exposure modes , a built - in motordrive , a liquid crystal display , dedicated flash capability and power rewind With all those attractive - and potentially intimidating - features , it must be remembered that it is the photographer who controls the camera , and not vice - versa .
- Apart from single lens reflexes , there are also a few rangefinder models , but now only one that has interchangeable lenses the Leica MK series . Leica pioneered 35mm photography , and still produces some of the finest cameras available , though they are expensive . Nevertheless , secondhand models are good alternatives .
For simplicity , the examples and advice in this book are aimed principally at 35mm users . However , this is by no means excludes larger formats . Rollfilm cameras that produce images measuring 4.5 × 6cm , 6 × 6cm , 6 × 7cm ( and some even larger ) are bulkier and usually more expensive , but the image quality is proportionately higher . As the end is a finely rendered print , a larger negative is ideal .
CAMERAS
The quality of camera manufacture has never been higher than it is now , and the important choice is not so much between makes as between types of camera . What has happened in recent years in the market is that most of the major manufacturers now produce a similar range of models . Electronics have been the biggest development , and most of the distinctions between categories of single lens reflex are in the extent to which the equipment has been automated .
lens reflex , now by far the most popular design of camera for serious photo- graphy . The standard current model is automatic , in that the exposure settings are calculated by an internal through - the - lens meter and transferred to the shutter speed and / or aperture controls . Typically , the photographer sets either the aperture or the shutter , and the camera does the rest . Battery - powered film winders are also being used increasingly , so automating yet another function .
An even more sophisticated development of the automatic single lens reflex is the programmed design , pioneered by Canon and Minolta . In this , electronic systems are used to their maximum , all controlled by a central microprocessor . The camera can be programmed to work in a variety of modes , with digital displays playing an important part in the operation . In both automatic and programmed automatic cameras , auto - focus is gradually becoming more and more accepted as a useful function rather than a gimmick . It , also , depends heavily on electronics .
- Although automation and programming are clearly the popular trend , there remain many photographers who prefer to exercise their own control over operations enough for two other types of camera that deliberately avoid heavy automation . These are the manual and professional categories ; the first is the more basic , but what distinguishes professional models is their rugged- ness and versatility , rather than advanced electronics .
Modes and Meters
Manual In manual mode , the camera measures the light reflected from the subject , and indicates in the viewfinder whether the shutter speed and aperture selected by the photographer will yield correct exposure . The camera is thus totally under the control of the photographer .
Aperture priority automatic ( or aperture preferred automatic ) In this mode , the photographer sets the camera's aperture , and the shutter is automatically set to a speed that will give the correct exposure . This mode is most useful in conditions where control over depth of field is important - landscape or close - up photography , for example .
Shutter priority automatic ( or shutter preferred automatic ) Conversely , in this mode the photographer sets the shutter speed and the camera chooses the aperture . This mode is most useful when photographing subjects that must appear " frozen " on film - action and sports photography .
Programmed automatic Ths is a " point and shoot " mode in which the photographer completely relinquishes control to the camera . In progressively brighter light , the camera picks smaller and smaller apertures , and faster and faster shutter speeds . " Sub - modes " include shutter - preferred programs , which choose faster shutter speeds before closing down the aperture ; and aperture - preferred programs , which as the name suggests , pick smaller apertures in preference to faster speeds .
Flash mode In the most simple example , the camera will operate at the flash synchronization speed as long as there is a dedicated flashgun in the accessory shoe , fully recycled .
Viewfinder displays
1 Needle
2 Needle Pointer on Scale
3 Digital LED Numbers
4 Digital LCD Numbers
5 LCD Scale
There is now a considerable range of different display systems for conveying essential information in a 35mm SLR , and this has some influence on the choice of camera . A basic difference is between analog and digital displays - as with wristwatches , there tend to be sharp distinctions in individual preference .
Despite early fears that the electronic wizardry featured in many of today's SLRs would inspire terror , ' do - it - all ' models such as the Minolta 7000 ( ABOVE ) have proved highly successful .
The 7000 is typical of many currently successful SLRs in that it offers automatic focusing , more than two exposure modes , a built - in motordrive , a liquid crystal display , dedicated flash capability and power rewind With all those attractive - and potentially intimidating - features , it must be remembered that it is the photographer who controls the camera , and not vice - versa .
- Apart from single lens reflexes , there are also a few rangefinder models , but now only one that has interchangeable lenses the Leica MK series . Leica pioneered 35mm photography , and still produces some of the finest cameras available , though they are expensive . Nevertheless , secondhand models are good alternatives .
For simplicity , the examples and advice in this book are aimed principally at 35mm users . However , this is by no means excludes larger formats . Rollfilm cameras that produce images measuring 4.5 × 6cm , 6 × 6cm , 6 × 7cm ( and some even larger ) are bulkier and usually more expensive , but the image quality is proportionately higher . As the end is a finely rendered print , a larger negative is ideal .
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