طباعة جهة الاتصال .. اختيار الورقة .. اختيار المطور .. التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث

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  • طباعة جهة الاتصال .. اختيار الورقة .. اختيار المطور .. التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث

    التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث
    صنع الطباعة ..
    طباعة جهة الاتصال ..
    اختيار الورقة ..
    اختيار المطور ..

    MAKING THE CONTACT PRINT

    Making a contact print is really a very simple process that requires but little in the way of equipment . Yet , in spite of its simplicity , the printing process is extremely important . In the final analysis , it is the print that determines the value of your picture . It makes no difference how carefully you have worked or how excellent your negative technique is , if the print is not good , you have failed in making your picture . Conversely , a good printer can do wonders in saving a bad negative .

    It is our purpose here to teach you how to make good contact prints . This is the foundation of a good printing technique for the advanced photographer . If you learn how to make a good straight - forward print to begin with , you needn't worry about all the printing tricks used by the advanced professional printer - you will find them easy to learn by following the instructions given later .

    Perhaps the most important thing you must bear in mind is this : learn a simple , sure printing routine and stick to it all the time . Don't repeatedly change your method of working because things don't seem to go just right for you . Every time you change something - whether it is the developer formula , the brand of paper , or the darkroom safelight - you have to get used to a new set of conditions . The result is that you don't really get a chance to learn anything properly , so it isn't at all surprising that you don't learn how to make a good contact print .

    SELECTING THE PAPER

    If your negatives were all alike , selecting the right paper would be easy . Unfortunately , your negatives won't be alike at all . Some will have normal contrast while others will be either too weak and flat or too contrasty . To make satisfactory prints from the widest possible variety of negatives , the paper manufacturers have made their printing papers available in as many as five or six grades of contrast so that you can select the right grade for any negative .

    A good picture should have a wide range of tones , with the highlights practically pure white and the deep shadows a rich black . If the whites are gray , and the shadows are not dark enough , the print is said to be flat or weak . It doesn't have enough contrast between the highlights and shadows . On the other hand , if the highlights are absolutely clear paper without a trace of silver deposit , if the shadows are dense black , and there are no middle tones to speak of , the print is too contrasty . A contrasty print is also called hard or harsh .

    If the negative is right , it will give you a good print of correct contrast with a normal printing paper . With most makes of papers , this normal paper is called No. 2 contrast grade . If the negative is not contrasty enough , normal paper will give you a print that is too soft and flat . In that case , you use a more contrasty paper , such as a No. 3 or No. 4. On the other hand , if your negative is too contrasty , use a softer paper , such as a No. 1 , or even a No. 0. The scale of contrast grades for most contact papers is given below :

    No. 0 Very soft - for extremely contrasty negatives .
    No. 1Soft for contrasty negatives .
    No. 2- Normal - for normal negatives No. 3 Hard - for flat negatives .
    No. 4 Very hard - for very flat negatives .
    No. 5 Extremely hard - for extremely flat negatives .

    In addition to being supplied in a number of different contrast grades , photographic papers come in two weights , single weight and a heavier stock called double weight , and in a large variety of surfaces , from glossy to very rough . The glossy papers are used mainly for small contact prints , for commercial work , and where a lot of snap is wanted . The other papers are used for portraits , for pictorial prints , and whenever special effects are wanted .

    There are many brands of paper , but all are quite similar . They consist of a pure tough paper , coated with an emulsion of a sensitive silver salt in gelatin . If the silver salt is silver chloride , the paper is called a chloride paper ; if the salt is silver bromide , it is called a bromide paper . Chloride papers are relatively slow , so they are used for making contact prints . Bromide papers are rapid , so they are used primarily for making enlargements . Chlorobromide papers contain a mixture of silver chloride and silver bromide , so they come in between the two . If they contain more chloride than bromide , they are relatively slow and can be used either for contact prints or for enlargements .

    All the standard brands of printing paper on the market are capable of giving excellent results , so you can feel safe in getting the one that your supplier has in stock . However , after you start with one make , stick to it until you know it thoroughly . Don't try switching to another make if your pictures aren't just right . You may be sure the fault lies elsewhere , so try to find out what is wrong instead of blaming the paper .

    We recommend that you use a contact paper at this stage since contact papers are slow and you can , therefore , use more light in the darkroom . This will help considerably in your learning process . Later on you may , if you prefer , switch to the enlarging paper you use for making your enlargements so you don't have to stock two different kinds of paper . There will be very little difference in the final results .

    We will not at this time go any further into the subject of printing papers , but we will instead reserve that discussion for later .

    SELECTING THE DEVELOPER

    Since all printing papers are very much alike , they will all work quite well with any of the standard paper developers . At the start , therefore , it is a good idea to buy a standard , ready - mixed developer . Later on you can mix your own if you prefer . If you do , you should use one of the formulas recommended by the paper manufacturer for the particular paper you use .

    اضغط على الصورة لعرض أكبر. 

الإسم:	مستند جديد ١٦-٠٨-٢٠٢٣ ١٣.٤٩.jpg 
مشاهدات:	1 
الحجم:	129.8 كيلوبايت 
الهوية:	147200 اضغط على الصورة لعرض أكبر. 

الإسم:	مستند جديد ١٦-٠٨-٢٠٢٣ ١٣.٥٢_1.jpg 
مشاهدات:	1 
الحجم:	124.9 كيلوبايت 
الهوية:	147201 اضغط على الصورة لعرض أكبر. 

الإسم:	مستند جديد ١٦-٠٨-٢٠٢٣ ١٣.٥٤_1.jpg 
مشاهدات:	1 
الحجم:	123.6 كيلوبايت 
الهوية:	147202

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